Eriocampa umbratica was arrhenotokous, Age. ovata thelytokous; Pristiphora conjugata is actually arrhenotokous, P. pallipes thelytokous. Some cases away from amphitoky also are known. Therefore within the Pteronidea ribesii, one of the progeny drawing regarding unfertilized egg a number of ladies sometimes arrive, although some guys arrive amidst a giant most of ladies during the the brand new progeny away from mainly thelytokous kinds such Nematus erichsoni and you can Pristiphora fulvipes. In the Thrinax macula arrhenotokous ladies, hence however sporadically in addition to generate particular females, are present with the thelytokous female. About parasitic hymenopterans (shortly after called the terebrants), arrhenotokous parthenogenesis is possibly the latest laws, but there are numerous cases of thelytokous parthenogenesis. Vandel’s (1931) antique monograph to your parthenogenesis cited instances regarding Chalcidoidea, Scelionidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, as well as have throughout the Dryinidae (Gonatopus, Haplogonatopus) among the Aculeata. T. evanescens was arrhenotokous, however, an extremely closely relevant species, T. cacoeciae, is actually thelytokous. Among ichneumonids, Hemiteles aerator (Europe) is actually arrhenotokous, but H. tenellus (America), very nearly just like they, are thelytokous. Lysiphlebus tritici (Braconidae) is amphitokous. All the Aculeata christian cafe slevový kód reproduce from the arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Regarding ants of one’s genus Lasius, unfertilized specialists normally create almost every other (female) pros. One of many Cynipidae, the brand new cynipines that produce fancy galls for the oaks have an effective heterogonic lives period which have alternation between a beneficial parthenogenetic age group that happens between trip and spring and you will a spring–summer amphigonic generation. People of the two years try dissimilar. When you look at the
type of, the fresh ovipositors of one’s women differ, due to the fact perform the plant body organs (buds, simply leaves, roots) in which egg try placed and you may, seem to, the molds of one’s galls themselves. Generational dimorphism is particularly superior in the Biorhiza aptera. Inside types, the newest parthenogenetic generation is made up of wingless ladies, because the amphigonic age bracket is sold with people with wings regarding normal size and people which have wings away from changeable length. On bark beetles, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis relates to a good clade of around 1400 variety, with as well as others the new genera Xyleborus, Coccotrypes and you will Ozopemon (Jordal mais aussi al. 2000, 2002). To create sperm, haploid boys evidently not one of them a decrease in germ-cellphone ploidy. Throughout the guys away from arrhenotokous mites, aleurodid homopterans, iceryine size insects and Micromalthus beetles, meiosis is actually changed because of the one mitotic section, which for each and every spermatocyte We produces only a couple spermatozoa. Inside Hymenoptera the new grade from spermatogenesis was varied, but in general the procedure seems to be an excellent modi?ed meiosis, which have a beneficial ?rst office you to distinguishes an enthusiastic anucleate bulk regarding a good residual nucleus that experiences next department, which is just like good mitosis. But in bees this ?nal division is within change asymmetric, and simply that spermatozoon are in the course of time obtained. 1.3). The male-development egg is within impact functionally unfertilized. This event is famous regarding bark beetle Hypothenemus hampei, within the measure insects (of several diaspidid and lecanoid Coccidae), in three genera of midges (Cecidomyiidae) as well as in several families of mites, such as the Phytoseiidae. Partial loss of brand new paternal genome while in the spermatogenesis is well known when you look at the this new black-winged fungi gnats (Sciaridae). step three.six.dos.step three Geographical PARTHENOGENESIS
According to conventional dysfunction for the technology, particular bush and you may creature kinds are each other amphigonic and you will parthenogenetic communities, aforementioned usually polyploid (Vandel 1928; Horne and you will ). If we adopt brand new biological types build, we need to not use a different group of terminology. It is rationally impossible, in reality, to use this new physiological variety design so you can bacteria with uniparental reproduction, so it is maybe better to declare that particular amphigonic kinds is actually accompanied by populations based on him or her, and therefore training merely thelytokous parthenogenesis. The most relevant aspect of which sensation ‘s the geographical and environment shipping from populations with various reproductive methods, and this refers to as to why it’s called geographic parthenogenesis
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